Transient Cavitation and Friction-Induced Heating Effects of Diesel Fuel during the Needle Valve Early Opening Stages for Discharge Pressures up to 450 MPa

An investigation of the fuel heating, vapor formation, and cavitation erosion location patterns inside a five-hole common rail diesel injector, occurring during early opening period needle valve (from 2 ?m to 80 ?m), discharging at pressures up 450 MPa, is presented. Numerical simulations were performed using explicit density-based solver compressible Navier–Stokes (NS) energy conservation equations. The flow was combined with tabulated property data for four-component surrogate, derived from perturbed chain statistical associating fluid theory (PC-SAFT) equation state (EoS), which allowed significant amount fuel’s physical transport properties be quantified. Wall Adapting Local Eddy viscosity (WALE) Large Simulation (LES) model used resolve sub-grid scale turbulence, while cell-based mesh deformation arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation modelling injector’s movement. Friction-induced heating found increase significantly when decreasing pressure. At same time, Joule–Thomson cooling effect calculated 25 degrees K local temperature drop relative feed temperature. extreme injection induced jet velocities in order 1100 m/s, affecting formation coherent vortical structures into nozzle’s sac volume.